According to current industrial policy and in order to reach Latvia’s economic growth targets, significant growth in the industrial sector is expected in the future. An accelerated economic growth significantly increases resource consumption, energy demand and the amount of generated waste. This, in turn, pressures the ecosystem, leads to resource depletion, increases areas covered by landfills, increases air, water and soil pollution, thus threatening sustainability. The implementation of resource efficiency measures, e.g. energy efficiency measures, industrial symbiosis, may enhance resource productivity, increase economic value and minimize the environmental impacts of resource use. However, a lack of research, information and awareness hinders a more widespread implementation of energy efficiency and industrial symbiosis measures. This Thesis includes the identification of examples of energy efficiency and industrial symbiosis measures that have been implemented in Latvian industrial companies. These cases have led to an improved energy efficiency, reduced resource consumption and waste generation. However, their quality varies and due to different boundaries of the systems, the comparison of different measures is sometimes complicated. There is a lack of scientific research regarding the evaluation of industrial symbiosis quality, comparison of various resource efficiency measures, as well as resource efficiency barriers and drivers. The aim of the Thesis is to improve the existing research framework by the development and approbation of novel methods for the assessment of industrial resource efficiency. Particularly, the methods are aimed at (1) evaluating the quality of various types of industrial symbiosis exchanges, (2) comparing industrial symbiosis (inter-firm level) and cleaner production (intra-firm level) measures and (3) performing a comprehensive analysis of resource efficiency barriers in industrial companies. The developed methods significantly contribute to the resource efficiency scientific research framework. The developed method of analysis for resource efficiency barriers allows for the transformation of the qualitative data that are acquired during surveys into quantitative factors that can be used for the development of mathematical models. Mathematical models account for the interrelation between resource efficiency barriers and drivers, and facilitate predictions as to which companies are more likely to implement resource efficiency measures and to model the barrier overcoming mechanisms. Each of the developed methods is approbated by one or more case studies. The evaluation, comparison and modelling of resource efficiency measures and barriers provides decision-making support for policy planning. The research results provide new examples of the actual implementation of resource efficiency measures, and the existing barriers and drivers in Latvian industrial companies. The identification of resource efficiency barriers is based on direct interviews of representatives of 73 Latvian manufacturing companies. In addition, the energy efficiency case study approbates a profound approach for the identification of potential energy efficiency measures in small and medium enterprises at a sub-department level. The results of this Thesis may be further disseminated to raise industrial companies’ awareness and resource efficiency motivation. The results of the thesis may be applied for the further development of the national policy and a selection of appropriate mechanisms for resource efficiency promotion in the industrial sector.