After the First World War and the peace treaty of Versailles Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Finland and Poland got their independence from Russia and formed their independent republics. The scientists in these new states knew how weak their states were and that one way to strengthen them would be through cooperation in the intellectual field. They started what was called the “Baltic Entente” in 1920 with a conference in Bulduri, the treaty of political cooperation was signed in Geneva in 1934. When intellectuals of the there countries met in Kaunas in October 1935, the conference adopted a resolution concerning the most important facts of intellectual and scientific life. The last of these conferences was the “Baltic Week” in Tallin in June 1940, when the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania was brutally interrupted as the Soviet Union imposed its regime on these states, while Poland was already under German occupation. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania got their independence back in 1991, but only in 1999 they restarted the historic “Baltic Conferences” of intellectual cooperation that they had started in 1935. The question is: how important is mutual scientific cooperation for the Baltic States now and for the future?