The main aim of this research is to study the possibility of applying natural silk yarn for composite structure of woven bio-resistant blood vessel prosthesis, which has good anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. During the initial phase of research, the modern world experience of practical application of natural silk in surgical practice has been considered. The second phase of theoretical research has been devoted to the further study of modern science and practical experience of laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical application of natural silk fibres in different areas of cardiac surgery, including designing, manufacturing and implantation of vascular prostheses of various fibrous structure and geometric designs. In the process of implementation of the practical part of this scientific work, the authors propose an innovative woven tubular structure, consisting of three different types of warp and weft yarns: polyester, polyurethane and natural silk. Natural silk yarns needed for this purpose are made of silk fibroin fibres Bombyx mori. In the laboratory, the authors of the article have studied the mechanical and deformation properties of natural silk yarns needed to manufacture innovative implants of the blood vessels. The properties of polyurethane and polyester yarns were examined before, in the previous studies. The laboratory tests have confirmed the possibility of the use of natural silk yarn in the designing and manufacturing of woven tubular prosthesis. It should be noted that the structure of walls of the blood vessel prosthesis designed and proposed in this paper is unique. The further research will be aimed at producing the prototypes of aortic prosthesis and determining its basic biomechanical properties.