The present paper explores the issue of reference in the light of current cognitive and pragmatic research paradigms in linguistics. The concept of reference is examined from a wide variety of approaches. Singular reference versus generic reference as well as coreference are analysed. The paper focuses on main linguistic means of expressing reference within the text, in particular referring expressions. They can be divided into two main classes: (1) nominal groups (e.g., key words-nouns and proper nouns) and (2) personal pronouns. Referring expressions used in a specific context of English scientific and technical text on civil engineering are analysed and illustrated with a selection of examples. They signal what the text is about. The study touches upon the problem of referential indeterminacy. It presents a challenge confronted by modern scholars, readers and/or recipients. Context dependent pragmatic considerations play a significant role in referential choice. The study outcomes are vital for the comprehension of the source text for translators. In the digital age the study results can be applied in technology assisted linguistic research, in development of natural language processing software for logical comprehension of the text. Additionally, theoretical assumptions of the paper, some remarks and examples can be used in delivering a course of lectures and workshops on semantics and pragmatics at higher education institutions.